Saturday, October 19, 2013

Tom canty my old day Buku Kursus di Gandhi Memorial Institute, masih ada nggak ya yang jual buku itu di siantar.

BOOK REVIEW

- Title: The Prince and the Poor Boy

- Author: Mark Twain

- Year of Publication: -First edition: 1978

-My edition: 1992

- Characters:

- The poor boy (Tom Canty): He is one of the two main characters. All his family is poor, and his father usually hits him. He is an intelligent boy, but he always wears rags. He lives in the poor part of the city.

- The Prince (Edward Tudor). He is the other main character. His father is Henry VIII, and he is very rich. He is the future king of England. He is compassionate and very similar to Tom Canty (they are like twins).

- Tom’s father: Tom Canty’s father. He is very aggressive with his son, he hits him a lot and he is always lying.

- Tom’s mother: She is Tom Canty’s mother. She is very friendly with her children, and she doesn’t like that her husband hits Tom.

- Tom’s sisters: There aren’t many things to say about them. They are two, and they believe the prince when he tells them he is the true prince.

- The King: He is Henry VIII. He is Edward Tudor’s father, the prince. He is a very strict king. So, a lot of people hate him.

-Miles Hendon: He is a knight, and he helps the prince in his adventure. He is very kind with the prince, but he doesn’t believe he is the prince until the end of the story.

-Synopsis of the story:

One day, two boys were born. They were called Tom Canty and Edward Tudor. Tom Canty was born in a poor family. However, Edward Tudor was born in a very rich family: the king family. He was designated to be the next England king.

Tom Canty’s father usually hit Tom. Tom always wore rags, and all his friends were also poor. One day, he visited king’s palace. He wanted to see The King, and he approached the gate. Then, a soldier saw and hit him, and all the people did the same. In that moment, the Prince saw what was happening and he invited Tom Canty to go into the Palace. He accepted. There, the Prince and Tom Canty changed their clothes, because Tom Canty wanted to look like a rich person. Then, the Prince went out of the room and a soldier saw him when he wore rags. And, as he and Tom Canty were very similar, the soldier thought it was Tom Canty, and he threw him out of palace.

Now, Tom Canty was like the Prince. But he missed his family, and a lot of people in palace thought he was the true prince, but he was mad (because he said he wasn’t the true prince, he didn’t know his father and his servants, he didn’t know French…). So, there were a lot of problems.

While that was happening, the true Prince went with Tom’s family. Tom’s father hit him, and the situation was uncomfortable. One day, he was lying to a person to get some money for his “family”, but he didn’t want to do it, so he told the truth. The good person got the thief and he could escape. After this, he met Miles Hendon, an ex-soldier who helped him to return to the palace. They had a lot of strange and exciting adventures.

The day of the crowning of the king (Henry the Eight had died some time ago), the true prince returned to the palace. And, as he and Tom Canty were kind of friends, they showed the true prince was Edward Tudor, and not Tom Canty.

Finally, Edward Tudor was crowned king, he did justice among the good and bad people and he named Tom Canty and Miles Hendon his assistants. They lived happily forever and ever.

My opinion

a) What did you like best/least? Why?

- The thing I liked best is when the prince and the poor boy change its characters and each one can live like the other. It’s very original.

- The thing I liked least is that the king dies and he can’t decide what happens with the future prince before he dies.

b) Was it funny? Why?

- Yes, I liked it a lot. It was very funny: a prince and a poor boy changing their personality. They lived a lot of interesting adventures, and a lot of curious things happened. I enjoyed reading this book.

c) Would you change anything in your tale? What?

- I don’t know very well if I would change something in my tale. Maybe I would change how the king decides the organization of the country.

Lexicon and Gramatical expresions

Word Family: Poor boy, Prince, King, Sword, England, Henry VIII, clothes, hit, thief, lie, gates, palace

Funny expressions:

-They are all the time saying rags and rich clothes.

-“The moved from place to place”.

-“Come in. But leave wrong-doing behind”.

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Friday, October 18, 2013

Penggunaan UTC (Universal Time Coordination) dalam penentuan Waktu

Sekarang, ketika entri ini saya ketik, menunjukkan pukul : 00.43 UTC, sedangkan jam di Lap top menunjukkan pukul 7.58 WIB, sedangkan jam di HP saya menunjukkan pukul 07.54.
Jadi, selisih waktu antara UTC dengan WIB kurang lebih 7 jam.

Sebenarnya versi UTC ini kurang lebih sama dengan versi lama, yaitu GMT (Greenwich mean Time), akan tetapi, scientific community mengganggap GMT kurang memenuhu syarat ilmiah.

Sekian dulu dari redaksi.

Ini saya baca gara-gara harus nonton rutin program di NHK world, berhubung saya menjadi program monitornya. Sedangkan skedulnya dibuat dalam format UTC.

Untuk link lebih jelas silahkan baca sendiri....
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coordinated_Universal_Time

Wednesday, October 9, 2013

Plant pests: The biggest threats to food security?

The threat posed to crop production by plant pests and diseases is one the key factors that could lead to "a perfect storm" that threatens to destabilise global food security.

Already, the biological threat accounts for about a 40% loss in global production and the problem is forecast to get worse, scientists warn.

BBC News has asked Dr Matthew Cock, chief scientist for Cabi, a UK-based agri-environment research organisation, to compile a list of the worst plant pests threatening crops around the world.

Illustration of a family during the Irish potato famine (Getty Images)

Throughout history, the impact of plant pests and diseases, such as potato blight, can devastate lives

Scientists can be difficult; we have so many ways in which things can be measured, analysed or compared that sometimes it seems as if we never agree on anything.
So when I was asked "which are the world's worst agricultural pests?' my answer was simply that the question cannot be answered.
How do we define a pest? What measure would you use? How would you value that measure? Not only do perceptions of the worst problems vary according to geography, they also vary from year to year.
It is an unfortunate fact too that despite a general consensus on the threats from pests and diseases to global production, actual monitoring and evaluation of damage caused globally is very poorly understood.
The following list is by no means definitive therefore, nor a serious attempt to prioritise the threats posed by different agricultural pests.
All we are trying to do is to raise awareness of the immense range of pests and diseases that threaten agricultural crops, the devastation they can cause, and the difficulties in controlling them.
Scientists working in the field may disagree with our nominations; if they do, I welcome them to join the debate and share their own ideas, add a comment to this article or visit Cabi's Plantwise blog.

Worst historical pest - the desert locust

Schistocerca gregaria: a pest since biblical times, they fly in unexpectedly, strip a field bare in an hour and consume a very wide range of crops.
Locust swarms may vanish for many years, only to break out of their endemic regions after periods of abnormally high rainfall.
Another nomination is human beings, Homo sapiens. This species could appear in several categories, but we include it just once here, for its sometimes accidental, sometimes purposeful habit of introducing pests to new habitats where they flourish through lack of natural controls.
A recent example of the latter was the deliberate introduction of witches' broom disease of cocoa, Crinipellis perniciosa, in Brazil. The motive was a social one - to weaken the political power of the powerful cocoa landowners, and it achieved its desired effect: production across the region fell 75%. Brazil went from being the world's third-leading cocoa producer to 13th place.

Hardest pest to control - South American rubber blight

South American rubber blight (Image: L.Gasparotto/Cabi)

The rubber tree is a native of South America but very little of the commodity is produced there. The principal reason is the fungus Microcyclus ulei has resisted all attempts to control it over more than 100 years.
In the 1920s, it notoriously defeated Henry Ford's attempts to grow rubber for car tyres in the eponymous Fordlandia, Brazil, losing him an investment (in today's terms) of $250m (£156m).
Also worth considering in this category is coffee wilt disease, Fusarium xylarioides. The disease spreads insidiously through the soil and on machetes used to prune the trees.
The only way to halt it is a scorched-earth policy of pulling up all trees in infected plots and then waiting a year before replanting - plus another four years until you get a full harvest again.

Most expensive pest to control - western corn root worm

Western corn root worm larvae (Image: CIMMYT/Cabi)

In terms of the amount of pesticides once used to control Diabrotica virgifera virgifera and the expense of developing a resistant GM-strain, this beetle is a strong contender.
Under control for many years now, maize has been one of the few crops to show steady yield increases and for this the resistant strain can take credit.
Now, though, there are signs that resistance is breaking down.

Pest of greatest human impact - potato blight

The Phytophthora infestans fungus caused the Irish potato famine (1845-1852), during which one million people died and a further million emigrated from Ireland, causing the population to decrease by about 24%.
Another candidate is coffee leaf rust, Hemilaea vastatrix, a fungus that devastated coffee production in Sri Lanka (Ceylon) in the 19th Century and famously led to a switch to tea drinking in the UK.
But tea picking requires more continuous labour than coffee, so the Tamil migrants from India that used to go home after the coffee harvest ended up settling in the country, which led to catastrophic sectarian strife over a century later.

Worst stored product pest - the Khapra beetle

This insect, Trogoderma granarium, is difficult to control because it feeds on a variety of dried materials.
It is resistant to insecticides and can go long periods without food.
Infestations can result in up to 70% grain damage, making products inedible and unmarketable.

Worst climate change threat - mountain pine beetle

Mountain pine beetle galleries in a tree stem (Image: William M. Ciesla/Cabi)

The cumulative effect of the current outbreak of Dendroctonus ponderosae in British Columbia, Canada, has killed 13 million hectares of lodgepole pine forest and released an estimated 270 million tonnes of carbon, converting the forest from a carbon sink to a large net carbon source.
Generally, climate change is likely to mean that many wood-boring pests of cold northern climes will become more destructive, since higher temperatures will increase winter survival and possibly enable an extra generation in the summer.
Ironically then, northern forests, seen as a bastion against climate change, will become more threatened by it.

Most imminent threat - wheat stem rust strain Ug99

Wheat stem rust (Image: David Mowbray/CIMMYT/Cabi)

The Puccinia graminis tritici strain of wheat rust was discovered in Uganda in 1998 and has subsequently spread across Africa, Asia and the Middle East.
In fact, seven races of the Ug99 lineage have now been identified.
New resistant varieties that yield more than current popular varieties are being released and promoted, but a major effort is needed to displace current susceptible varieties with those that have durable resistance.

Most resilient pest - colorado potato beetle

Colorado potato beetle (Image: C. Trouve/SRPV/Cabi)

Leptinotarsa decemlineata is a strong candidate for this award, having managed in the space of about 50 years to develop resistance to 52 different compounds belonging to all major insecticide classes (including cyanide).
This beetle therefore has effectively beaten the chemists.
Wherever possible, biocontrol (control by natural enemies) should be part of the strategy because the predator-parasite can more easily keep up in this arms race, one which humans have so palpably lost.

Next steps

The above is at best a very partial list of serious agricultural pests. At any one time, because of weather conditions, mutation to a virulent form, or emergence of resistance to chemical control, a pest will surge into prominence unexpectedly.
What we need is better monitoring and recording of pests in order to alert authorities to take early action, something we at Cabi are very keen to promote through our Plantwise initiative.
Coffee wilt disease, mentioned above, is a case in point - regular monitoring and rapid action could have halted this disease at a cost of a few million dollars at the most.
Instead, we reckon it has now caused at least a billion dollars of lost earnings to African coffee farmers, and it is still spreading.

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Tuesday, October 8, 2013

Ketahanan Pangan : sebuah ketidak pastian

Uncertainty on figures hampering food security efforts

By Mark Kinver Environment reporter, BBC News

Rising populations are expected to place an increasing strain on the global food system

More than 600 scientists gathered in the Netherlands for a global food security conference, described as the first of its kind.

Organisers said science could help end uncertainty surrounding efforts to meet the food needs of future generations.
They added that, until now, there were many policy debates on food security but there was no scientific forum for researchers to share knowledge.
The next food security conference will be held in the US in 2015.
"A really key message from the conference for us is that we have got lots of estimates about needs of population growth etc, but at the moment we are so uncertain of the exact numbers - the uncertainty is really very high," said conference co-chairman Ken Giller, professor of plant production systems at Wageningen University.
"We talk about the current population being seven billion, moving to 9.2 billion in 2050 and the estimate is that we need to increase production 70% or more.
"But there are many different ways of addressing that. If we don't know what the problem is then we can't get started in addressing them."
Appetite for change
Prof Giller said there was "unprecedented interest" among the scientific community when details of the conference was first announced.
"We did anticipate about 250-300 people , but we actually ended up with more than 900 abstracts being submitted," he told BBC News.
"The conference was basically sold out - we had 600 people and that was all we could accommodate."
He explained that the conference was designed to create a forum where representatives from the different branches of science could come together and discuss and debate the issues of global food security.
"We pulled together a science committee with the real aim to make the conference broad and to include all the main disciplines," he said.
"We had people on the science committee from economics, nutrition and we had people dealing with food waste, which is a very important topical issue."

The combination of poor harvests and rising demand has increased price volatility in global grain markets

Prof Giller said that current estimates suggested that 30-40% of the food produced was wasted and not eaten.
Other themes that were discussed at the conference included:

Nutritional security,
Sustainable intensification of food production systems,
Novel ways of feeding nine billion,
Agricultural production as feedstock for renewables.

The organisers hope that the outcomes from the four-day event in Noordwijkerhout, South Holland, will help focus the scientific world's contribution to the UN global policy system.
One of the UN's eight Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) was to "eradicate extreme poverty and hunger" by 2015, which included the target of halving - between 1990 and 2015 - the proportion of people suffering from hunger.
Assessments suggest the target is "within reach". However, a 2013 report on the progress of the MDGs warned that one in eight people remained chronically undernourished.
UN Secretary General Ban Ki-moon has announced that he wants to build on the MDGs, replacing them with a suite of Sustainable Development Goals that will run from 2015-2030.
He said one of his priorities was to "adopt globally agreed goals for food and nutrition security, mobilise all key stakeholders to provide support to smallholder farmers and food processors and bolster the resilience of communities and nations experiencing periodic food crises".
Prof Giller said this presented a "wonderful opportunity for science to get directly engaged in policies and help advise governments".

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Saturday, October 19, 2013

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Friday, October 18, 2013

Wednesday, October 9, 2013

Plant pests: The biggest threats to food security?

Worst historical pest - the desert locust

Hardest pest to control - South American rubber blight

Most expensive pest to control - western corn root worm

Pest of greatest human impact - potato blight

Worst stored product pest - the Khapra beetle

Worst climate change threat - mountain pine beetle

Most imminent threat - wheat stem rust strain Ug99

Most resilient pest - colorado potato beetle

Next steps

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Tuesday, October 8, 2013

Uncertainty on figures hampering food security efforts

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BBC Future

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